Honey Bees in the American Colonies Essay - 761 Words

Many people know very little about how honey bees have been apart of our history from colonial times. Why were honey bees important to the colonial beekeeper? How were the bees kept? Does beekeeping now, vary from what it was then? These are all questions that must be asked. The honey bee is a unique insect that has been apart of the history of our country for centuries. Beekeeping has changed over time yet many of the essential results of keeping honey bees are unchanged. Lets look at their similarities and differences. The honey bee is not native to North America. In Notes on Virginia1 Thomas Jefferson stated: â€Å"The honey-bee is not a native of our continent. Marcgrove, indeed, mentions a species of the honey-bee in Brazil. But†¦show more content†¦Primarily the use of honey; the bee’s number one product, was an excellent sweetener5 as sugar was an expensive commodity. Cakes and cornbread might have been enhanced by the presence of honey. The antibacter ial properties may have been used medicinally in colonial homes as well. In the county of Essex, Massachusetts the year 1660 a stand of bees was assessed at five pounds;6 a large sum in those days. This proves that not only their yield of honey and wax, but also the honey bees themselves were greatly valued by the colonists. Used for candles, the wax was desirable because of its clean burn and non drip qualities.7 Other uses for it included waxing furniture, floors, harnesses and a multitude of other equipment. Pollination did not become a major focus until a much later time. The products honey bees produced were a key part of the colonist’s daily lives, very much like they are for us now. Unlike Colonial America the focus of beekeeping today is on large scale pollination of agricultural crops. We still enjoy our honey and value many of the same products but beekeeping is an industry now. The private beekeeper is not the heart of beekeeping in the twenty-first century. We see business men with thousands of bee colonies pollinating hundreds of acres of fruits, nuts and vegetables all across the country; scientific men with the latest news on Colony Collapse Disorder, and all of itShow MoreRelatedHoney Bee Extinction Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesglobe then man would only have four years of life left. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man† (â€Å"Einstein Once Said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). After careful thought on this matter, this can be a scary concept to process. Millions of years have passed with the honey bee gracing the earth, and in fact, the honeybee is the only insect that aids in the production of food that is consumed by the human race (â€Å"20 Amazing Honey Bee Facts!†). Imagine going to a grocery store and there beingRead MoreHoney Bees : An Important Role For Plant Pollination Services For Food Production1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The non-native honey bee, Apis mellifera L., plays an important role in plant pollination services, pollinating 90% of commercially insect-pollinated crops (Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2005). Additionally, they produce honey, which is an important international commodity. Understanding the ecology of honey bees is imperative as humans are becoming increasingly reliant on pollination services for food production. With the upsurge of backyard beekeeping (Salkin, 2012) it is imperativeRead MoreSave Our Honey Bees : America s Bees1738 Words   |  7 PagesSave Our Honey Bees America’s bees are slowly beginning to suffer. The number of hives had been at 6 million during World War 2, and then decreased to 2.6 million in 2006, then fell below 2 million for the first time in memory (Jacobsen). From the very start honey bees have been an important factor in our agriculture. They serve as a nutrition source for flowers in order for the flowers to grow and make the crops that are needed. Honey bees had originally originated in Africa and when they cameRead MoreThe Plight of Bees Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pages The Apis Mellifera, or honey bee, have survived on this planet for fifty million years. This species of bee is responsible for pollinating flowers, grass, trees and crops around the world. Much of the food we eat is dependent on honey bees for pollination. Our ecosystem depends on the survival of the honey bee. Colonies of honeybees have been disappearing at an alarming rate around the world due to parasites, viral and bacterial diseases, and th e introduction of pesticides and herbicides. Over theRead MoreHoney Bees And Its Effect On The Agricultural Industry1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe total number of these honey bee colonies has decreased from 5 million in the 1940s to only 2.5 million colonies today. Even though the bee colonies have decreased, the need for pollinators, such as bees, has increased dramatically. Declines in honey bee colony health were provoked further in the 1980s with the arrival of new pathogens and pests. The arrival of Varroa and tracheal mites into the United States during the 1990s created additional stress on the honey bee population. These variousRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Colony Collapse Disorder1036 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: The Colony Collapse Disorder is a strange occurrence in which worker bees from different honeybee colonies just disappear. Honeybees, which are a crucial part of the U.S. agriculture, have been under some drastic stress from the mysterious Colony Collapse Disorder, which is a syndrome defined as a dead colony with no adult bees or dead bee bodies but with a live queen, honey and juvenile bees still present in the hive. A scientific cause for the Colony Collapse Disorder has yet toRead MoreThe Bees Of Honey Bees Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesdecrease in honey prices, increased beekeeping operating cost and attrition of pollination services. The other big problem affecting the bees is the impact of disease on bee populations. Like all other animals, the population of honey bees has been impacted largely by diseases and human activities. Bees are especially susceptible to the highly destructive Varroa mite. This small external parasite that plagues honey bees was discovered in 1904. It attacks by attaching itself on the bees before suckingRead MoreThe Effect Of Bee Disease On Growing Health Bee Population Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation. Honey bee diseases and bees is a serious threat to growing healthy populations of bees. Like the other animals, the application of intensive farming methods, global movements and increase in bee diseases has done a lot to diminish the population of bees. Bees are especially susceptible to the Varroa mite. This minute external parasite that plagues honey bees was discovered in 1904. It attacks by attaching itself on the bees, before sucking their blood. The after effect leaves t he bees weakerRead MoreHow important are bees in our lives? Bees are small flying insects, buzzing around with its600 Words   |  3 PagesHow important are bees in our lives? Bees are small flying insects, buzzing around with its painful stings which always make people afraid and annoyed. What generally relate with bees are their roles in pollination and producing honey and beeswax. So it seems that bees might be nothing to human as it’s easy to find substitutes for honey as flavoring. However, this perception is mistaken. Without bees, aftermath. Over the past decade bee populations have been dropping drastically. A 40% loss of honeybeesRead MoreThe Natural Resources Defence Council Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pageshave put these creatures in; the extinction of honeybees is mutual destruction for both the bees and humans. Humans are only speeding up the process with a multitude of harmful industries and other aspects. Bees are important for United States consumerism, agriculture, and the environment, yet humans continually abuse them, negatively impacting many important aspects of society and contributing to Colony Collapse Disorder. A multitude of people are poorly educated on honeybees, and put

Greek Mythology (952 words) Essay Example For Students

Greek Mythology (952 words) Essay Greek MythologyGreek Mythology, beliefs and ritual observances of the ancient Greeks, whobecame the first Western civilization about 2000 BC. It consists mainly of abody of diverse stories and legends about a variety of gods. Greek mythology hadbecome fully developed by about the 700s BC. Three classic collections of myths-Theogonyby the poet Hesiod and the Iliad and the Odyssey by the poet Homer-appeared atabout that time. Greek mythology has several distinguishing characteristics. TheGreek gods resembled humans in form and showed human feelings. Unlike ancientreligions such as Hinduism or Judaism, Greek mythology did not involve specialrevelations or spiritual teachings. It also varied widely in practice andbelief, with no formal structure, such as a church government, and no writtencode, such as a sacred book. Principal Gods The Greeks believed that the godschose Mount Olympus, in a region of Greece called Thessaly, as their home. OnOlympus, the gods formed a society that ranked t hem in terms of authority andpowers. However, the gods could roam freely, and individual gods becameassociated with three main domains-the sky or heaven, the sea, and earth. The 12chief gods, usually called the Olympians, were Zeus, Hera, Hephaestus, Athena,Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hestia, Hermes, Demeter, and Poseidon. Zeuswas the head of the gods, and the spiritual father of gods and people. His wife,Hera, was the queen of heaven and the guardian of marriage. Other godsassociated with heaven were Hephaestus, god of fire and metalworkers; Athena,goddess of wisdom and war; and Apollo, god of light, poetry, and music. Artemis,goddess of wildlife and the moon; Ares, god of war; and Aphrodite, goddess oflove, were other gods of heaven. They were joined by Hestia, goddess of thehearth; and Hermes, messenger of the gods and ruler of science and invention. We will write a custom essay on Greek Mythology (952 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Poseidon was the ruler of the sea who, with his wife Amphitrite, led a group ofless important sea gods, such as the Nereids and Tritons. Demeter, the goddessof agriculture, was associated with the earth. Hades, an important god but notgenerally considered an Olympian, ruled the underworld, where he lived with hiswife, Persephone. The underworld was a dark and mournful place located at thecenter of the earth. It was populated by the souls of people who had died. Dionysus, god of wine and pleasure, was among the most popular gods. The Greeksdevoted many festivals to this earthly god, and in some regions he became asimportant as Zeus. He often was accompanied by a host of fanciful gods,including satyrs, centaurs, and nymphs. Satyrs were creatures with the legs of agoat and the upper body of a monkey or human. Centaurs had the head and torso ofa man and the body of a horse. The beautiful and charming nymphs haunted woodsand forests. Worship and Beliefs Greek mythology emphasized the weakness ofhumans in contrast to the great and terrifying powers of nature. The Greeksbelieved that their gods, who were immortal, controlled all aspects of nature. So the Greeks acknowledged that their lives were completely dependent on thegood will of the gods. In general, the relations between people and gods wereconsidered friendly. But the gods delivered severe punishment to mortals whoshowed unacceptable behavior, such as indulgent pride, extreme ambition, or evenexcessive prosperity. The mythology was interwoven with every aspect of Greeklife. Each city devoted itself to a particular god or group of gods, for whomthe citizens often built temples of worship. They regularly honored the gods infestivals, which high officials supervised. At festivals and other officialgatherings, poets recited or sang great legends and stories. Many Greeks learnedabout the gods through the words of poets. Greeks also learned about the gods byword of mouth at home, where worship was common. Different parts of the homewere dedicated to certain gods, and people offered prayers to those gods atregular times. An altar of Zeus, for example, might be placed in the c ourtyard,while Hestia was ritually honored at the hearth. Although the Greeks had noofficial church organization, they universally honored certain holy places. .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .postImageUrl , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:visited , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:active { border:0!important; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:active , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethnocentrism And Cultural Relativism Sample EssayDelphi, for example, was a holy site dedicated to Apollo. A temple built atDelphi contained an oracle, or prophet, whom brave travelers questioned aboutthe future. A group of priests represented each of the holy sites. Thesepriests, who also might be community officials, interpreted the words of thegods but did not possess any special knowledge or power. In addition to prayers,the Greeks often offered sacrifices to the gods, usually of a domestic animalsuch as a goat. Origins Greek mythology probably developed from the primitivereligions of the people of Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea where the regionsfirst civilization arose about 3000 BC. These people believed that all naturalobjects had spirits, and that certain objects, or fetishes, had special magicalpowers. Over time, these beliefs developed into a set of legends involvingnatural objects, animals, and gods with a human form. Some of these legendssurvived as part of classical Greek mythology. The ancient Greeks themselvesoffered some explanations for the development of their mythology. In SacredHistory, Euhemerus, a mythographer from the 300s BC, recorded the widespreadbelief that myths were distortions of history and the gods were heroes who hadbeen glorified over time. The philosopher Prodicus of Ceos taught during the400s BC that the gods were personifications of natural phenomena, such as thesun, moon, winds, and water. Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived during the400s BC, believed that many Greek rituals were inherited from the Egyptians. AsGreek civilization developed, particularly during the Hellenistic period, whichbegan about 323 BC, the mythology also changed. New philosophies and theinfluence of neighboring civilizations caused a gradual modification of Greekbeliefs. However, the essential characteristics of the Greek gods and theirlegends remain unchanged. See Also Aegean Civilization. BibliographyGreek Mythology, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia. (c)1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The Internet Economy Essays - Cultural Globalization,

The Internet Economy T he internet, the world wide data connection that has caught on like a wild fire sweeping through a parched California forest, has wide ranging implications on our world economy. Locally, we have witnessed staggering swings of fortune in more ?dot-com? firms than any other form of business in American history. The old adage of that ?American Dream? - starting a business in the garage to see it one day be listed on the stock exchange is truer now than at any other time in our short history as well. While many still feel that the internet is simply a ?fad? that will fade out as consumers tire of on-line shopping, most are resigned to the fact that the computer age is finally found a foothold into the masses ? a true consumer product as inseparable in the modern household as the television and telephone. The fact that it isn't being called the ?telenet? may be more a matter of poor timing than a marketing gaffe. As the data-stream (?bandwidth? in internet parlance) becomes more efficient ? read that as ?fast,? other uses of the internet will boom. No longer will the internet be just for buying and selling merchandise, chatting with friends and family, or gaining insight into the latest sexual technique, but will become a truly real-time and practical ?multi-media? tool. Video data, currently suited only for the occasional voyeuristic views with choppy, grainy images reminiscent of our parents/grandparents 8mm movies, will one day (soon, I predict) become a window to the world. The video phone ? a product most of us in my age group thought would have become reality long before now - will finally become commonplace. With video, audio and other input devices at one's disposal, doctor's will again make ?house calls,? and visits to far off friends and relatives will nearly suffice for the real thing (a rekindling of the infamous ?smell-o-vision? system to transmit the aroma of Grandma's fresh app le pie baking in the oven, perhaps?). The uses are nearly as endless as ones imagination, and is a field where current state-of-the-art has only touched the surface of what can and will be achieved over a very short period of time. So what does all this high tech wizardry have to do with the economy? Just about everything, actually. Already governments across the globe are clamoring to be the first to find a practical method of taxation into this new world wide interchange system. Hopefully, the Genie has long since been out of the bottle on that one? Shopping malls, already feeling the effects of internet commerce, may be forced to radically change their business structure or face certain failure. The parcel delivery systems are feeling the effects as well as a dramatic increase of flow is being realized directly through internet sales. As fuel prices continue to climb, video conferencing, once reserved for the well-healed companies will make sense for even the smallest of companies. The ramifications of the internet are wide ranging and will certainly impact nearly every human being on the face of this planet. What a marvelous time to be living in to see one of the single biggest technological advances come to fruition. While the telephone made the world a much smaller place to live in, the internet has taken the meaning of distance out of the equation completely. The economy? It's the internet, stupid? Bibliography http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_40/b3649001.htm

Fitness and testing Sport Essays

Fitness and testing Sport Essays Fitness and testing Sport Essay Fitness and testing Sport Essay Emma takes insulin. ‘With exercise, insulin is not readily released from the pancreas due to the lowered blood glucose levels. ’ ( preventionpt. com/PIfolder/Mini%20Paper%20August. htm) Your body needs insulin along with carbohydrate to produce glucose for energy during exercise. If this is not produced it may force Emma to stop exercising.  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. [43] BTEC National Sport Assessment and Delivery Resource Grading The student’s answer covers all the essential content of criteria P2 and P3, i. e. preparing and using a health screening questionnaire. Although the questionnaire has some clear limitations, for example, lack of scales to aid differentiation of answers and possibly help description for M2, the criteria have been met. For M2 (part) the student has included some description of the strengths and areas for improvement for the two individuals. However, to gain a Merit (M2 part), they would have needed more description of their findings. There is little information on the levels/amounts of strengths and areas for improvement, which would aid the description of the individual. As an example, they could have described how many cigarettes Julie smoked each day and how many years she had been smoking. This would have provided a clearer picture of her status. This lack of quantification is a result of shortcomings in the design of the questionnaire. To achieve a Distinction (D1 part), the student would have needed to evaluate the health screening questionnaires. : There is some evaluation within the text because some consequences for the individuals are discussed. However, there is a lack of depth and expansion of the findings. To aid the evaluation the student should support their findings with appropriate literature, for example, exploring the possible health implications of eating too many fatty foods. This could be a magazine article on coronary heart disease, which they could feed back to the individual. The student should also provide recommendations for lifestyle improvement. For example, the student could suggest that the client could seek medical help to stop smoking, and could undertake a supervised exercise programme to improve their fitness at a local fitness centre. [44]  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. Unit 6: Fitness testing for sport and exercise Unit 1 Further resources Websites Netfit, www. netfit. co. uk/tymen. htm – guide to health and fitness. Good links to future training recommendations. Peak Performance, www. pponline. co. uk. Specialises in a wide range of sports in relation to fitness testing. Sports coach, www. brianmac. demon. co. uk. Brian Mackenzie, the UKs highly experienced senior athletics coach, provides fitness and training advice for athletes. Rob Woods Guide to Fitness Testing, www. topendsports. com/testing/ A comprehensive site on all things to do with fitness testing, including discussions and descriptions of over 30 fitness tests. Texts Howley, E. T. and B. D. Franks (1992). Health fitness instructors’ handbook. Human Kinetics. Macdougall, J. D. , H. A. Wenger and H. J. Green (1991). Physiological testing of the high performance athlete. Human Kinetics. Morrow, J. R. , A. W Jackson, J. G. Disch nd D. P. Mood (1995). Measurement and evaluation in human performance. Human Kinetics. Safrit, M. J. (1995). Complete guide to youth fitness testing. Human Kinetics. Skinner, J. S. (1993). Exercise testing and exercise prescription for special cases. Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. YMCA (2000). Fitness testing and assessment manual. Human Kinetics. Supplementary texts British Association of advisers and lecturers in physical education (1999). Safe practice in physical education. Dudley LEA. Dalgleish, J. , S. Dollery and H. Frankham (2001). The health and fitness handbook: Longman Egger, G. , N. Champion and A. Bolton (1999). The fitness leader’s handbook. A C Black. Inbar, O. , O. Bar-or and J. S. Skinner (1996). The Wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.

Free sample - Cancer. translation missing

Cancer. CancerCancer can be defined as the abnormal growth of cells as they tend to grow rapidly in such a way that the growth cannot be controlled, in some cases this can spread throughout the body. Cancer is not a single disease but a group of many different and distinctive diseases. It has been found that cancer can involve any body tissue and in each area of the body it has many varied forms. Cancers are usually named according to the type of organ or cell in which they attack, such that even if it metastasizes, the evolving tumor assumes the same name as the primary tumor. Research has also shown that the frequency of a particular type of cancer may be determined by gender, for instance prostate cancer affects men while breast cancer affects women. Other cancers such as skin cancer and lung cancer are for both men and women. In the United States lung cancer has been found to be major cause of death for both men and women (Lasser, et al. 2006). It is of great significance for an individual to understand the causes of cancer, for instance, the risk behaviors and substances that can lead to acquisition of cancer. This is because most people indulge in behaviors that put them into vey high risk of developing cancer when they are not aware, such that if they are informed about the causes and dangers of cancer, there is a likelihood of quitting from the risk behaviors. Cancer can be caused by environmental exposure to mutagenic agents, geographical influences, particular lifestyle in a given population setup, and even the use of some drugs Crawshaw (2007). It has been found that certain occupations have been linked with higher risk of developing cancer. This is due to the exposure to mutagenic agents in the immediate environment. For instance, in the 18th century, there was an observation made in a British factory where bladder cancer affected all the men who were involved in distilling 2-napthylamine. In the chimney sweeps, the workers are exposed to coal and tar which brings about the development of scrotal cancer. Leather working, woodworking, and nickel refining have been associated with high risk of particular cancers due to persistent exposure to carcinogenic substances in the chemicals used. Mustard gas, which was used as a chemical warfare agent in the World War I, was found to be very dangerous as it was associated with increased risk of lung cancer and the various cancers along the respiratory tract. The mustard gas possesses mutagenic properties. Since the research showed that this gas was dangerous to the well being of huma n life, until today the gas is no longer in use as a chemical warfare agent. Therefore it is important to be aware of the substances that are associated with development of cancer and keep distance from the same (Pearlin, 1992).   Research carried out by Crawshaw (2007), has shown that particular cancers are common in different geographical regions around the world, for instance, among the Japanese men, the cancer of the stomach is 5 to 6 times higher due to the persistent consumption of foods which have undergone fermentation.   Among the American women, it has been found that breast cancer is about 20 times higher due to the American diet which contains high fat content, for example the pizza.   Among the Africans it has been found that liver cancer is about 10 times higher, and this is associated with increased frequency of Hepatitis B infection. Cancer of the may also develop due to aflatoxin compound which is a food contamination formed by fungi. The compound occurs mostly in grain stores within the tropical and subtropical areas due to high moisture content of grains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most common example of cancer that is frequent and fatal is lung cancer. Lung cancer can be caused by benzo[a]-pyrene compound which is one the most powerful carcinogens in humans. This compound is found in tobacco smoke which also contains tar. The tar in cigarettes comprises of both initiators and promoters, making it peculiarly dangerous. Alcohol is also dangerous to human life since it acts as a promoter of carcinogenesis just like asbestos does (Calle Kaaks, 2004). References Calle, E. E. Kaaks, R. (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence  Ã‚   and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4: 579-591. Crawshaw, P. (October 2007). â€Å"Governing the Healthy Male Citizen: Men, masculinity and   Popular Health in â€Å"Men's Health.† Magazine of Social Science Medicine, Vol. 65,  Ã‚  Ã‚   no. 8; p. 1606-18. Lasser, K. E., et. al. (July 2006). â€Å"Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in   the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey.†Ã‚   American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 96(7); p. 1300-7. Pearlin, L., I. (1992). â€Å"Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology† Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 33(1), p. 1-9.

Give a history of the Catholic church on the death penalty and note Research Paper

Give a history of the Catholic church on the death penalty and note how it has changed over time - Research Paper Example What amount or kind of punishment is publicly justifiable and can make it principle and standard is a question rising in the minds of many people. It is only principle that can definitely assign both the quantity and quality of a just penalty. A crime deserves punishment but the punishment given depends on the gravity of the crime. Many people have mixed reviews on death penalty and most of them are against this kind of punishment. Death penalty abolishment has it s roots in the liberal utilitarian government and humanistic ideas spawned by the enlightenment in Europe at the end of eighteenth century. Utilitarian believed that punishment should not be worse than crime and hence was against death penalty. Same is the case with Catholic Church as Bible preached killing as a sin. Jesus was against death penalty and so was Pope John Paul. U.S. Catholic bishops were against death penalty and reminded the fellow Christians to remember the teaching of Christ and condemn death penalty. The C oncept of Death Penalty Death penalty is of ancient origin. Death penalty otherwise known as capital punishment has its meaning derived from Latin word â€Å"head punishment†. Capital punishment is a procedure where in beheading is done to the criminal as a method of execution. The death penalty has its origin in England and was transported to American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. The death penalty has existed in American soil for almost four centuries and has given way to 20,000 executions. The capital crime in those days were quiet long and the proportion of offenders actually executed were uncertain.Untill the end of 18th century there was no opposition to death penalty in America. The death penalty is the oldest form of punishment known to human kind. Death penalty existed even before criminal law was formulated and when aristocratic rule existed. Death penalty was a common practice in England during the time of writing constitution. According to death pen alty the criminal is killed by being shot, hung or beheading. However most of the states in America preferred to execute the criminals by hanging. According to (Dunehew)â€Å"In 1972, when the U.S. Supreme Court struck down every state death penalty statute in the nation, it was declared to be â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† and a violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution†. Death penalty gives importance to human life and punishes people who take life of others. Murdering someone is against the law of God and it can be compensated only by giving hard punishment to the guilty. History of Death Penalty During seventeenth and eighteenth century, the English colonist implemented death penalty as punishment for various crimes which might look shocking today. It was given for crimes like treason, rape, burglary, manslaughter, robbery, counterfeiting, theft and arson. All these became capital crime in American colonies as well. The colonial American considered theft as same as murder and all were counted in the same hierarchy and given capital punishment. In that century, life was cheap and times were rude. The people of seventeenth century were greatly influenced by political and religious views and did not think independently. Colonial Americans were not blindly following death penalty but understood the reason and purpose it served. The North American colonial law was variant from English law as it was more lenient than the latter. In England, murder and rape was given

Corporate Finance Nautilus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Finance Nautilus - Research Paper Example The appropriate discount rate is 6.04%, which is the weighted average cost of capital. The present value of the firm with this discount factor and the predicted cash flows is $12,885,000. Introduction Nautilus Inc. is a Consumer Fitness Products Company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Vancouver, Washington. The company was incorporated in 1993 in the state of Washington. The company targets individuals and enthusiasts who wish to enjoy the benefits of regular exercise and thereby improve their health. The company sells its products through two channels – direct and retail. The main objective of corporate finance is to maximize the value of shareholders by making proper investment and financing decisions. This paper examines the extent to which Nautilus has been successful in meeting this objective, and whether the stocks of the company represent a safe and worthwhile investment. Observations In order to evaluate the performance and financial status of the company, some of the important financial ratios, trends and market information were collected and analyzed. Some of the important financial figures for a period of five years between 2007 and 2011 are shown in Appendix-1. Relevant ratios have been calculated and are shown in Appendix-2. Sales The growth in sales for the year ended December 31, 2011 was 7.1% over the figures of 2010. However, for the three preceding years the growth has been negative. The trend has been good, and in each year the negative growth has been reduced, and the growth rate has become positive in 2011. The company operates in two segments, namely direct sales and retail sales. The segment wise sales figures for the years 2010 and 2011 are shown in Table-1. It can be seen that direct sales constituted almost 60% of the total sales, while retail sales made up the remaining 40%. A small portion of the total income has come from royalty. A look at the distribution of the sales shows that cardio products accounted for the major portion of the sales accounting for 42% of the direct sales in 2011 and 32% in 2010. Overall, cardio products accounted for 66.35% in 2011. Cardio products have also shown a healthy growth in direct sales but a small decline in retail sales. Strength products accounted for 31.02% in 2011. Percentage of Total Year Ended December 31, 2011 2010 Change % Change 2011 2010 Direct net sales: Cardio products (1) $75,982 $54,409 $21,573 39.60% 42.12% 32.30% Strength products (2) 31,079 42,259 -11,180 -26.50% 17.23% 25.09% Total Direct net sales 107,061 96,668 10,393 10.80% 59.34% 57.39% Retail net sales: Cardio products (1) 43,718 43,628 90 0.20% 24.23% 25.90% Strength products (2) 24,873 24,161 712 2.90% 13.79% 14.34% Total Retail net sales 68,591 67,789 802 1.20% 38.02% 40.24% Royalty income 4,760 3,993 767 19.20% 2.64% 2.37% Total net sales $180,412 $168,450 $11,962 7.10% 100.00% 100.00% Table-1 Distribution and Growth of Sales1 Equity Growth and Profitability Equity investors are concern ed primarily with the return on their investment and the growth of their wealth. Various profitability ratios and equity growth are showninTable-2 Profitability 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Return on