International Human Rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2503 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Assignment Question The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 allows states to provide for reservations in treaties under certain circumstances. However reservation effecting Human Rights has been contentious even if parties to the treaties are in agreement to the provisions of the reservations to the treaty. Discuss. Table of Content No. Content Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Reservation of human rights treaties 1 3. Controversies on reservation made to human right treaties and cross references to various countries on their application for reservation 2-5 4. Case law to support argument 5-6 5. Conclusion 7 Introduction Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (from here onward will be referring to VCLT unless otherwise stated) was adopted and signed on 1969 and finally enforced on 1980. It is a treaty that governs the relationship between states that entered into the same treaty. Article 2(1)(d) of VCLT had defined reservation as a unilateral statement made by a state upon signing or ratifying the treaty to exclude or modified legal effect of certain provisions.[1] Country often imposes reservation on the treaties where they wish to not comply with. Article 19 of VCLT had provided conditions where states cannot make reservation. The first condition is that the reservation cannot be prohibited by the treaty.[2] The reservation made shall not be the reservation that been agreed by all parties to exclude during negotiation.[3] The reservation made must also be compatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.[4] The compatibility test will be the object and purpose test introd uced by the International Court of Justice through the case of Genocide Convention.[5] Reservation to human rights treaties VCLT applies to all treaties including human rights treaties. Certain reservations had been made to human rights treaties by a state. For example, reservation made by Malaysia towards the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Malaysia had made reservations stating that Malaysia does not bound by any provisions in the treaty that was in conflict with Syariah law and Federal Constitution of Malaysia. An example would be Malaysia does not bound by Article 5(a) of CEDAW regarding the inheritance of property. Article 5(a) requires states to modify any practices that are based on genre. Malaysia had made a reservation that this provision shall comply with Syariah law regarding inheritance.[6] Controversies on reservation made to human right treaties and cross references to various countries on their application for reserv ation There were few controversies occurred when reservation was made to human rights treaties which will be discussed in detailed in later part of this assignment. It was found that not many states had made objections towards the reservation as the reservations does not bind them. Instead, they are using their influence so that the other state will accept a more liberal concept towards human rights and delete the reservation by themselves. Besides, human rights treaties is more on protecting and governing human rights within the state than governing relationship between states. Therefore, it is more appropriate for the treaties bodies to decide the validity of the reservation instead of others states. There are some tribunals establish under human rights treaties such as European Court of Human Rights that can make a binding decision. Others monitoring bodies that had been established under human right treaties may make recommendations or comments towards reservations. Intern ational Law Commission had listed some of the following suggestions to resolve these conflicts. The treaty itself may conclude provisions that limits the making of a reservation and provide a clear purpose and objective of the treaty. There should also provisions that allow a neutral body to help both the reserving and objecting state to negotiate or mediate. Treaty should also contain provisions that allow human rights body to ensure that all reservation comply with the treaty and power to determine whether the reservation is admissible or not. One example of reservation aforementioned is on the Elimination of all Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),[7] but more focus is placed on the equitable rights of women in marriage and divorce. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was formed in 1979 by the UN General Assembly and functions as a worldwide law of the rights for women. There are 30 articles that clarify what is deemed to be discrimination against women and measures to overcome it This convention allows ratification of the reservations only if the reservations are not conflicting with goals and aims of the Convention. Certain states make reservation to Article 2 even though their laws forbid inequality. Hence, often there are disputes between the clauses of the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laws and the reservation that are made to the Convention. In addition, the Malaysian government proclaims that it will only abide by the Convention as long as the clauses of the Convention does not contrive with any laws of Islamic law and the Federal Constitution. Hence, Malaysia is not subjected by condition of Articles 2(f), 5 (a), 7 (b), 9 and 16 of the CEDAW. However, Malaysia later revokes its reservations to Article 2(f), 9(1), 16(b), 16(d), 16(e) and 16(h). In regards to Article 11, Malaysia considers the terms of this Article only to serve as guidance to the forbiddance of the prejudice of the equality betw een men and women. Many Islamic countries have entered reservations. These Islamic countries maintained reservations to Article 2, 9, 15 and 16 respectively. Article 2(a) and (e) of the Convention required states to embrace the principle of the equality and repeal any laws, regulations, customs, and practices that discriminate against women. The Arab Republic of Egypt reserved this article due to the article contrary to the principle of Sharia. Iraq also reserved to this article but has made unexplained reservation. Egypt and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan have entered reservation to Article 9 and 15 of the Convention, this is because they alleged the provision of the Convention run counter to the Sharia law. In Jordan, a married woman cannot decide her own residence and must follow her husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s residence. They are even not allowed to travel alone and must be accompanied by male relatives or a group of women for maintaining their integrity.[8] The Governm ent of the Republic of Maldives do not comply with the provisions of the Conventions that contrary to the principles of Sharia Law based on the laws and customs of the Maldives.[9] Iraq, Malaysia and, United Arab Emirates entered reservations to restrict womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to determine their nationality. Different state applies for different areas of reservations. For example, United Arab Emirates (UAE) on areas that seem to be in conflict with its constitution and religion belief.[10] Despite all these reservations have been recognised, it is explicit that they do not promote the objective and the purpose of the Convention. In essence, these reservations invalidate many provisions of the Convention and diminish the equality of men and women. In fact, Sweden was objected all the reservations rendered by Muslim countries. Sweden argued that these reservations were incompatible with CEDAWà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s object and purpose test and violated Article 19(c) because it a llowed Sharia Law to create an exception to this convention, through gender discriminatory laws would still valid if the provisions contrary to the Sharia law.[11] Such reservation further destroy the union of treaty compliance in Muslim states.[12] Although Sweden expressed that these objections have come in after twelve monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ time limit set out in Article 20(5) but still cannot be called objection in a technical sense.[13] The Islamic reservations essentially are substantive reservations, whereas reservations by United State tend to be more procedural in nature. The United States has been entering a considerable number of reservations to ratify CEDAW. The reservations involve many issues involving woman, such as private conduct, women in the military, comparable worth, and maternity leave. As for the understandings, the State Department expressed concern with the right of freedom of speech and the health care standards issue in relation to family planning, pr egnancy, confinement and post-natal care.[14] In the proposed reservations, United States declared that the state would not accept any obligations under the Convention so long as the provision restrict the rights stated under the First Amendment and contrary to US constitution. However, supporters of ratification argued about the reservations rendered by US. They argued the provision of CEDAW is essentially consistent with the United State law, and it would not cause any change in the event of US chooses to ratify the convention.[15] According to Article 19-21 of the VCLT, states are permitted to be a part of the reservations unless they are rejected by other states. Predominantly, human right organizations are not permitted to create binding judgments, for example, the Human Rights Committee, which supervises the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. However, in its General Comment No.24, it was argued by the human rights committee that human rights treaties secu re the privileges of the people face to face but do not control the connection between the states. In addition, human rights organizations are usually unable to execute an irrevocable judgement; however tribunals such as the European Court of Human Rights can do so in the case of Belilos will be discussed in later part of this assignment.[16] States should not authorize the legitimacy of reservations but instead govern over treaty bodies. Almost every human right are firmly integrated. With that being said, reservations to individual rights would affect the nature of the treaty and deprived of its goals.[17] As a matter of fact, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action confirm the statement that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“every State is urged to consent to international human right treaties, and it is best to evade any reservations.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [18] Case to show how reservation under Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) can be inter-related to human right issue By r eferring to the case of Belilos v Switzerland[19], it clearly illustrates the effect of an interpretative declaration[20] made in respect to Article 6(1)[21] of the VCLT in which every State possesses capacity to conclude treaties. The Court had declared that the declaration was invalid and was found to have a violation towards Article 6(1) of VCLT, as the applicant could not confirm a determination by a tribunal of the questions of fact in her case. Belilos, in this case, was punished for taking part in an unauthorized demonstration. A fine had been imposed upon her in her absence by the municipal police. Shortly after receiving a fine, she made a complaint under Article 6(1) of VCLT in which the court responded to her claims on the grounds of illegitimacy of the board by saying that their jurisdiction could not be challenged. The woman appealed, but it was rather unsuccessful with the Federal Court as the court held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was subjec ted to the interpretive declaration. An interpretative declaration is a declaration of definition or meaning to a provision of a treaty given or sets down by a State.[22] The main issue in this case was whether the declaration was merely an interpretative declaration and not having the effect of a reservation, and is the court competent to determine the validity of a reservation of an interpretative declaration under Article 64 of VCLT that has not given rise to dispute in the present case. In this case, the court had declared that a particular reservation by Switzerland was a faulty one. The reservation was held to be too broad in nature. In that reservation, the right to a fair trial was restricted only with the existence of a legal assessment of the law. In addition, the treaty also contravened Article 6(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights[23] which concerns with the right to a fair trial. In addition, since Switzerland did not rescind the treaty, Switzerland continu ed to be confined by the treaty. Conclusively, Switzerland was limited by the fact that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The state that executed the reservation is restricted by the treaty that is inclusive of the components on which the reservations was formed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is the duty of the Court to see that the obligations arising under the Convention are not subjected to any restrictions which would not satisfy the requirements of Article 64 as regards to reservations. Accordingly, it will focus on the validity of the interpretative declaration in question, as shown in the case of a reservation. Therefore, the Court notes that the Convention does not delegates the power to it to order the State to change its legislation as the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judgment are discretionary to the State for the choice of the means to be used in its domestic legal system in order to give effect to its obligation under Article 53. Conclusion: overview of reservation practice It is common for a st ate to make reservation to treaty and it is generally allowable though not encourage to not deviate from the object and purpose of treaty, as long as such reservation does not work to defeat the treaty then it is generally acceptable. However, it is undeniable that efficiency of treaty will be reduced by reservation and there are some doubts regarding the criterion of compatibility test also known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“object and purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  test as mentioned in earlier part of this assignment. According to the opinion of Judge Nurullah Yamali from Ministry of Justice in Turkey, if the interpretation on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“object and purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is done in good faith in the context of the treaty concerned, it will not be a serious problem. 1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Human Rights" essay for you Create order [1] Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties 1969 s 2(1)(d) [2] Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties 1969 s 19(a) [3] Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties 1969 s 19(b) [4] Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties 1969 s 19(c) [5] Niina Anderson, Reservations and Objections to Multilateral Treaties on Human Rights (lup.lub.lu.se 2001) https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFilerecordOId=1555651fileOId=1563727 accessed 20 August 2014. [6] UN Women, Declarations, Reservations and Objections to CEDAW (www.un.org 2009) https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations-country.htm#N41 accessed 20 August 2014. [7] https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/. [8] Roslyn Monoloney, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Incompatible Reservations To Human Rights Treaties: Severability And The Problem Of State Consentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2004] Vol 5, 1, 20. [9] Niina Anderson, Reservations and Objections to Multilateral Treaties on Human Rights [2001] 1, 5. [10] Rosl yn Monoloney, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Incompatible Reservations To Human Rights Treaties: Severability And The Problem Of State Consentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2004] Vol 5, 1, 13. [11] Eric Neumayer, Qualified Ratification: Explaining Reservations to International Human Rights Treaties [2007] Vol 6, 397, 414. [12] Ibid. 415. [13] Ibid.417. [14] Luisa Blanchfield, The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Issues in the U.S. Ratification Debate [2010] 1, 20. [15] Courtney Goldsworthy, Why the United States Has Failed to Ratify the CEDAW: A Look at Purported Problems with Ratification 1, 6. [16] ECHR Pubs. Series A, vol 132, 1988. [17] https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/topics/development/frequently-asked-questions/19-what-are-reservations-to-human-rights-treaties-and-what-do-they-mean.html. [18] https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/vienna.aspx. [19] (1988) 10 EHRR 466 [20] Declaration made by a State regarding its understanding of some matters covering a treaty or its meaning of a specific provision. [21] https://www.oas.org/legal/english/docs/Vienna Convention Treaties.htm [22] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Council of Europe Treaty Officeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Council of Europe) https://www.conventions.coe.int/?pg=/Treaty/Glossary_en.asp accessed August 25, 2014. [23] Article 6(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights.

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Honey Bees in the American Colonies Essay - 761 Words

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The antibacter ial properties may have been used medicinally in colonial homes as well. In the county of Essex, Massachusetts the year 1660 a stand of bees was assessed at five pounds;6 a large sum in those days. This proves that not only their yield of honey and wax, but also the honey bees themselves were greatly valued by the colonists. Used for candles, the wax was desirable because of its clean burn and non drip qualities.7 Other uses for it included waxing furniture, floors, harnesses and a multitude of other equipment. Pollination did not become a major focus until a much later time. The products honey bees produced were a key part of the colonist’s daily lives, very much like they are for us now. Unlike Colonial America the focus of beekeeping today is on large scale pollination of agricultural crops. We still enjoy our honey and value many of the same products but beekeeping is an industry now. The private beekeeper is not the heart of beekeeping in the twenty-first century. 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Greek Mythology (952 words) Essay Example For Students

Greek Mythology (952 words) Essay Greek MythologyGreek Mythology, beliefs and ritual observances of the ancient Greeks, whobecame the first Western civilization about 2000 BC. It consists mainly of abody of diverse stories and legends about a variety of gods. Greek mythology hadbecome fully developed by about the 700s BC. Three classic collections of myths-Theogonyby the poet Hesiod and the Iliad and the Odyssey by the poet Homer-appeared atabout that time. Greek mythology has several distinguishing characteristics. TheGreek gods resembled humans in form and showed human feelings. Unlike ancientreligions such as Hinduism or Judaism, Greek mythology did not involve specialrevelations or spiritual teachings. It also varied widely in practice andbelief, with no formal structure, such as a church government, and no writtencode, such as a sacred book. Principal Gods The Greeks believed that the godschose Mount Olympus, in a region of Greece called Thessaly, as their home. OnOlympus, the gods formed a society that ranked t hem in terms of authority andpowers. However, the gods could roam freely, and individual gods becameassociated with three main domains-the sky or heaven, the sea, and earth. The 12chief gods, usually called the Olympians, were Zeus, Hera, Hephaestus, Athena,Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hestia, Hermes, Demeter, and Poseidon. Zeuswas the head of the gods, and the spiritual father of gods and people. His wife,Hera, was the queen of heaven and the guardian of marriage. Other godsassociated with heaven were Hephaestus, god of fire and metalworkers; Athena,goddess of wisdom and war; and Apollo, god of light, poetry, and music. Artemis,goddess of wildlife and the moon; Ares, god of war; and Aphrodite, goddess oflove, were other gods of heaven. They were joined by Hestia, goddess of thehearth; and Hermes, messenger of the gods and ruler of science and invention. We will write a custom essay on Greek Mythology (952 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Poseidon was the ruler of the sea who, with his wife Amphitrite, led a group ofless important sea gods, such as the Nereids and Tritons. Demeter, the goddessof agriculture, was associated with the earth. Hades, an important god but notgenerally considered an Olympian, ruled the underworld, where he lived with hiswife, Persephone. The underworld was a dark and mournful place located at thecenter of the earth. It was populated by the souls of people who had died. Dionysus, god of wine and pleasure, was among the most popular gods. The Greeksdevoted many festivals to this earthly god, and in some regions he became asimportant as Zeus. He often was accompanied by a host of fanciful gods,including satyrs, centaurs, and nymphs. Satyrs were creatures with the legs of agoat and the upper body of a monkey or human. Centaurs had the head and torso ofa man and the body of a horse. The beautiful and charming nymphs haunted woodsand forests. Worship and Beliefs Greek mythology emphasized the weakness ofhumans in contrast to the great and terrifying powers of nature. The Greeksbelieved that their gods, who were immortal, controlled all aspects of nature. So the Greeks acknowledged that their lives were completely dependent on thegood will of the gods. In general, the relations between people and gods wereconsidered friendly. But the gods delivered severe punishment to mortals whoshowed unacceptable behavior, such as indulgent pride, extreme ambition, or evenexcessive prosperity. The mythology was interwoven with every aspect of Greeklife. Each city devoted itself to a particular god or group of gods, for whomthe citizens often built temples of worship. They regularly honored the gods infestivals, which high officials supervised. At festivals and other officialgatherings, poets recited or sang great legends and stories. Many Greeks learnedabout the gods through the words of poets. Greeks also learned about the gods byword of mouth at home, where worship was common. Different parts of the homewere dedicated to certain gods, and people offered prayers to those gods atregular times. An altar of Zeus, for example, might be placed in the c ourtyard,while Hestia was ritually honored at the hearth. Although the Greeks had noofficial church organization, they universally honored certain holy places. .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .postImageUrl , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:visited , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:active { border:0!important; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:active , .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36 .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06e19f91e1b87424649e1f54ab2cdd36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethnocentrism And Cultural Relativism Sample EssayDelphi, for example, was a holy site dedicated to Apollo. A temple built atDelphi contained an oracle, or prophet, whom brave travelers questioned aboutthe future. A group of priests represented each of the holy sites. Thesepriests, who also might be community officials, interpreted the words of thegods but did not possess any special knowledge or power. In addition to prayers,the Greeks often offered sacrifices to the gods, usually of a domestic animalsuch as a goat. Origins Greek mythology probably developed from the primitivereligions of the people of Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea where the regionsfirst civilization arose about 3000 BC. These people believed that all naturalobjects had spirits, and that certain objects, or fetishes, had special magicalpowers. Over time, these beliefs developed into a set of legends involvingnatural objects, animals, and gods with a human form. Some of these legendssurvived as part of classical Greek mythology. The ancient Greeks themselvesoffered some explanations for the development of their mythology. In SacredHistory, Euhemerus, a mythographer from the 300s BC, recorded the widespreadbelief that myths were distortions of history and the gods were heroes who hadbeen glorified over time. The philosopher Prodicus of Ceos taught during the400s BC that the gods were personifications of natural phenomena, such as thesun, moon, winds, and water. Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived during the400s BC, believed that many Greek rituals were inherited from the Egyptians. AsGreek civilization developed, particularly during the Hellenistic period, whichbegan about 323 BC, the mythology also changed. New philosophies and theinfluence of neighboring civilizations caused a gradual modification of Greekbeliefs. However, the essential characteristics of the Greek gods and theirlegends remain unchanged. See Also Aegean Civilization. BibliographyGreek Mythology, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia. (c)1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The Internet Economy Essays - Cultural Globalization,

The Internet Economy T he internet, the world wide data connection that has caught on like a wild fire sweeping through a parched California forest, has wide ranging implications on our world economy. Locally, we have witnessed staggering swings of fortune in more ?dot-com? firms than any other form of business in American history. The old adage of that ?American Dream? - starting a business in the garage to see it one day be listed on the stock exchange is truer now than at any other time in our short history as well. While many still feel that the internet is simply a ?fad? that will fade out as consumers tire of on-line shopping, most are resigned to the fact that the computer age is finally found a foothold into the masses ? a true consumer product as inseparable in the modern household as the television and telephone. The fact that it isn't being called the ?telenet? may be more a matter of poor timing than a marketing gaffe. As the data-stream (?bandwidth? in internet parlance) becomes more efficient ? read that as ?fast,? other uses of the internet will boom. No longer will the internet be just for buying and selling merchandise, chatting with friends and family, or gaining insight into the latest sexual technique, but will become a truly real-time and practical ?multi-media? tool. Video data, currently suited only for the occasional voyeuristic views with choppy, grainy images reminiscent of our parents/grandparents 8mm movies, will one day (soon, I predict) become a window to the world. The video phone ? a product most of us in my age group thought would have become reality long before now - will finally become commonplace. With video, audio and other input devices at one's disposal, doctor's will again make ?house calls,? and visits to far off friends and relatives will nearly suffice for the real thing (a rekindling of the infamous ?smell-o-vision? system to transmit the aroma of Grandma's fresh app le pie baking in the oven, perhaps?). The uses are nearly as endless as ones imagination, and is a field where current state-of-the-art has only touched the surface of what can and will be achieved over a very short period of time. So what does all this high tech wizardry have to do with the economy? Just about everything, actually. Already governments across the globe are clamoring to be the first to find a practical method of taxation into this new world wide interchange system. Hopefully, the Genie has long since been out of the bottle on that one? Shopping malls, already feeling the effects of internet commerce, may be forced to radically change their business structure or face certain failure. The parcel delivery systems are feeling the effects as well as a dramatic increase of flow is being realized directly through internet sales. As fuel prices continue to climb, video conferencing, once reserved for the well-healed companies will make sense for even the smallest of companies. The ramifications of the internet are wide ranging and will certainly impact nearly every human being on the face of this planet. What a marvelous time to be living in to see one of the single biggest technological advances come to fruition. While the telephone made the world a much smaller place to live in, the internet has taken the meaning of distance out of the equation completely. The economy? It's the internet, stupid? Bibliography http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_40/b3649001.htm

Fitness and testing Sport Essays

Fitness and testing Sport Essays Fitness and testing Sport Essay Fitness and testing Sport Essay Emma takes insulin. ‘With exercise, insulin is not readily released from the pancreas due to the lowered blood glucose levels. ’ ( preventionpt. com/PIfolder/Mini%20Paper%20August. htm) Your body needs insulin along with carbohydrate to produce glucose for energy during exercise. If this is not produced it may force Emma to stop exercising.  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. [43] BTEC National Sport Assessment and Delivery Resource Grading The student’s answer covers all the essential content of criteria P2 and P3, i. e. preparing and using a health screening questionnaire. Although the questionnaire has some clear limitations, for example, lack of scales to aid differentiation of answers and possibly help description for M2, the criteria have been met. For M2 (part) the student has included some description of the strengths and areas for improvement for the two individuals. However, to gain a Merit (M2 part), they would have needed more description of their findings. There is little information on the levels/amounts of strengths and areas for improvement, which would aid the description of the individual. As an example, they could have described how many cigarettes Julie smoked each day and how many years she had been smoking. This would have provided a clearer picture of her status. This lack of quantification is a result of shortcomings in the design of the questionnaire. To achieve a Distinction (D1 part), the student would have needed to evaluate the health screening questionnaires. : There is some evaluation within the text because some consequences for the individuals are discussed. However, there is a lack of depth and expansion of the findings. To aid the evaluation the student should support their findings with appropriate literature, for example, exploring the possible health implications of eating too many fatty foods. This could be a magazine article on coronary heart disease, which they could feed back to the individual. The student should also provide recommendations for lifestyle improvement. For example, the student could suggest that the client could seek medical help to stop smoking, and could undertake a supervised exercise programme to improve their fitness at a local fitness centre. [44]  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. Unit 6: Fitness testing for sport and exercise Unit 1 Further resources Websites Netfit, www. netfit. co. uk/tymen. htm – guide to health and fitness. Good links to future training recommendations. Peak Performance, www. pponline. co. uk. Specialises in a wide range of sports in relation to fitness testing. Sports coach, www. brianmac. demon. co. uk. Brian Mackenzie, the UKs highly experienced senior athletics coach, provides fitness and training advice for athletes. Rob Woods Guide to Fitness Testing, www. topendsports. com/testing/ A comprehensive site on all things to do with fitness testing, including discussions and descriptions of over 30 fitness tests. Texts Howley, E. T. and B. D. Franks (1992). Health fitness instructors’ handbook. Human Kinetics. Macdougall, J. D. , H. A. Wenger and H. J. Green (1991). Physiological testing of the high performance athlete. Human Kinetics. Morrow, J. R. , A. W Jackson, J. G. Disch nd D. P. Mood (1995). Measurement and evaluation in human performance. Human Kinetics. Safrit, M. J. (1995). Complete guide to youth fitness testing. Human Kinetics. Skinner, J. S. (1993). Exercise testing and exercise prescription for special cases. Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. YMCA (2000). Fitness testing and assessment manual. Human Kinetics. Supplementary texts British Association of advisers and lecturers in physical education (1999). Safe practice in physical education. Dudley LEA. Dalgleish, J. , S. Dollery and H. Frankham (2001). The health and fitness handbook: Longman Egger, G. , N. Champion and A. Bolton (1999). The fitness leader’s handbook. A C Black. Inbar, O. , O. Bar-or and J. S. Skinner (1996). The Wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics  © Harcourt Education Ltd 2007. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free.

Free sample - Cancer. translation missing

Cancer. CancerCancer can be defined as the abnormal growth of cells as they tend to grow rapidly in such a way that the growth cannot be controlled, in some cases this can spread throughout the body. Cancer is not a single disease but a group of many different and distinctive diseases. It has been found that cancer can involve any body tissue and in each area of the body it has many varied forms. Cancers are usually named according to the type of organ or cell in which they attack, such that even if it metastasizes, the evolving tumor assumes the same name as the primary tumor. Research has also shown that the frequency of a particular type of cancer may be determined by gender, for instance prostate cancer affects men while breast cancer affects women. Other cancers such as skin cancer and lung cancer are for both men and women. In the United States lung cancer has been found to be major cause of death for both men and women (Lasser, et al. 2006). It is of great significance for an individual to understand the causes of cancer, for instance, the risk behaviors and substances that can lead to acquisition of cancer. This is because most people indulge in behaviors that put them into vey high risk of developing cancer when they are not aware, such that if they are informed about the causes and dangers of cancer, there is a likelihood of quitting from the risk behaviors. Cancer can be caused by environmental exposure to mutagenic agents, geographical influences, particular lifestyle in a given population setup, and even the use of some drugs Crawshaw (2007). It has been found that certain occupations have been linked with higher risk of developing cancer. This is due to the exposure to mutagenic agents in the immediate environment. For instance, in the 18th century, there was an observation made in a British factory where bladder cancer affected all the men who were involved in distilling 2-napthylamine. In the chimney sweeps, the workers are exposed to coal and tar which brings about the development of scrotal cancer. Leather working, woodworking, and nickel refining have been associated with high risk of particular cancers due to persistent exposure to carcinogenic substances in the chemicals used. Mustard gas, which was used as a chemical warfare agent in the World War I, was found to be very dangerous as it was associated with increased risk of lung cancer and the various cancers along the respiratory tract. The mustard gas possesses mutagenic properties. Since the research showed that this gas was dangerous to the well being of huma n life, until today the gas is no longer in use as a chemical warfare agent. Therefore it is important to be aware of the substances that are associated with development of cancer and keep distance from the same (Pearlin, 1992).   Research carried out by Crawshaw (2007), has shown that particular cancers are common in different geographical regions around the world, for instance, among the Japanese men, the cancer of the stomach is 5 to 6 times higher due to the persistent consumption of foods which have undergone fermentation.   Among the American women, it has been found that breast cancer is about 20 times higher due to the American diet which contains high fat content, for example the pizza.   Among the Africans it has been found that liver cancer is about 10 times higher, and this is associated with increased frequency of Hepatitis B infection. Cancer of the may also develop due to aflatoxin compound which is a food contamination formed by fungi. The compound occurs mostly in grain stores within the tropical and subtropical areas due to high moisture content of grains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most common example of cancer that is frequent and fatal is lung cancer. Lung cancer can be caused by benzo[a]-pyrene compound which is one the most powerful carcinogens in humans. This compound is found in tobacco smoke which also contains tar. The tar in cigarettes comprises of both initiators and promoters, making it peculiarly dangerous. Alcohol is also dangerous to human life since it acts as a promoter of carcinogenesis just like asbestos does (Calle Kaaks, 2004). References Calle, E. E. Kaaks, R. (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence  Ã‚   and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4: 579-591. Crawshaw, P. (October 2007). â€Å"Governing the Healthy Male Citizen: Men, masculinity and   Popular Health in â€Å"Men's Health.† Magazine of Social Science Medicine, Vol. 65,  Ã‚  Ã‚   no. 8; p. 1606-18. Lasser, K. E., et. al. (July 2006). â€Å"Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in   the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey.†Ã‚   American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 96(7); p. 1300-7. Pearlin, L., I. (1992). â€Å"Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology† Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 33(1), p. 1-9.